Major advancements 

1. The Human Genome Project (HGP): Completed in 2003, the HGP mapped the entire human genome, requiring sophisticated bioinformatics tools for data sequencing and analysis. This project set the stage for numerous other genomic projects.

2. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): NGS technologies revolutionised bioinformatics by enabling rapid and cost-effective sequencing of large genomes. This has led to a deeper understanding of genetic variations and their impact on health and disease.

3. Proteomics and Metabolomics: Bioinformatics has expanded to include proteomics (study of proteins) and metabolomics (study of metabolites). Techniques like mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been integrated with bioinformatics tools to analyse complex biological samples.

4. Structural Bioinformatics: This area focuses on the 3D structure of biomolecules. Techniques like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, combined with bioinformatics algorithms, have helped elucidate the structures of numerous proteins and nucleic acids, advancing our understanding of their functions.

5. Integration of Omics Data: Integrating genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data has provided a more comprehensive view of biological systems. This holistic approach, systems biology, is crucial for understanding complex diseases and developing targeted therapies.

6. Metagenomics: This field, established in the late 1990s and early 2000s, uses DNA sequencing to study entire microbial communities directly from environmental samples. This approach allows researchers to analyse the genetic material of all microorganisms in each sample, regardless of whether they are cultured. Metagenomics has opened new avenues of research in environmental microbiology and biotechnology.

Transformative trends

1. Cloud Computing: The vast amount of data generated by bioinformatics requires significant computational resources. Cloud computing offers scalable solutions for storing and processing this data, making it accessible to researchers worldwide.

2. Personalised Medicine: One of the most promising bioinformatics applications is personalised medicine. By analysing an individual's genetic makeup, bioinformatics can empower clinicians with specific information that can help them design customised treatment plans, improving efficacy and reducing the side effects of therapies. The future of bioinformatics in this area is bright, with the potential to revolutionise healthcare by providing tailored treatments based on a patient's unique genetic profile. 

3. Chemoinformatics: This emerging field combines chemistry and bioinformatics to streamline drug discovery. Advanced computational models can predict the interaction of drug molecules with biological targets, accelerating the development of new therapeutics.

4. Ethical and Privacy Considerations: As bioinformatics continues to evolve, ethical and privacy concerns surrounding the use of genetic data are becoming increasingly important. Developing stringent and conducive frameworks to ensure data security and patient privacy is crucial.

Bioinformatics has grown a lot since it started in the early 1990s. It has helped us understand biology and medicine better, leading to big developments in studying genes, proteins, and finding new drugs. As we move forward, using deep learning, storing data online (cloud computing), and focusing on treatments designed for individuals will greatly change healthcare. This means better and more tailored treatments for everyone around the world.

Dr Ravi Gupta, Vice President – Bioinformatics, MedGenome